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新型智能變壓器將推動智能電網大步前進

時間：2018-04-12 15:45:14 點擊：次

新的智能變(bian)壓(ya)器可快速為汽車充電，并使電網減少耗電3%，相當(dang)于美(mei)國(guo)全年太(tai)陽能電池板發電量(liang)好(hao)幾(ji)倍(bei)。
新的(de)基(ji)于半導體(ti)的(de)設備管理電(dian)網電(dian)力使“智能(neng)電(dian)網”更加聰明。它們(men)將(jiang)使電(dian)動汽(qi)車(che)快速充電(dian)，并(bing)讓公共(gong)事業機構(gou)可以(yi)合并(bing)大量太陽能(neng)和(he)風(feng)電(dian)，不會造成(cheng)停電(dian)或電(dian)壓浪涌（powersurges）。這些設備的(de)研發者是(shi)很多小(xiao)機構(gou)，其中(zhong)有(you)一些機構(gou)最近得到的(de)新基(ji)金，是(shi)來自先進研究項目局能(neng)源處(ARPA-E)和(he)國家科學基(ji)金會。
智能變(bian)壓器：智能固態電(dian)(dian)子變(bian)壓器原型，是電(dian)(dian)力研究(jiu)所研制的(de)(de)。它比今天(tian)的(de)(de)變(bian)壓器更(geng)小，用途更(geng)廣。左邊的(de)(de)模(mo)塊把(ba)電(dian)(dian)網高壓交流電(dian)(dian)轉(zhuan)換成直(zhi)流電(dian)(dian)。右邊是一個變(bian)壓器，把(ba)電(dian)(dian)力轉(zhuan)換成120伏(fu)(fu)的(de)(de)交流電(dian)(dian)，就是標準的(de)(de)墻壁電(dian)(dian)源插座出口電(dian)(dian)壓。右邊插座是另外二(er)個接口，一是240伏(fu)(fu)特交流電(dian)(dian)，另一個是400伏(fu)(fu)直(zhi)流電(dian)(dian)。
公用事業機(ji)構(gou)開始推出智(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)能(neng)電(dian)網(wang)，都是集(ji)中(zhong)于收集(ji)信(xin)息，比如(ru)及時(shi)測量(liang)用電(dian)所(suo)使(shi)用的(de)(de)智(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)能(neng)電(dian)表就(jiu)安裝在家庭和企(qi)(qi)業。但是，隨(sui)著智(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)能(neng)電(dian)網(wang)的(de)(de)發(fa)展，他(ta)們將增加一(yi)些裝置，比如(ru)智(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)能(neng)固(gu)態變壓器，這(zhe)(zhe)會加強對線路功(gong)率流的(de)(de)控制，亞歷克斯?黃（AlexHuang）說，他(ta)是國家研(yan)究基金會一(yi)個(ge)研(yan)究中(zhong)心(xin)(xin)的(de)(de)主(zhu)任，這(zhe)(zhe)個(ge)中(zhong)心(xin)(xin)就(jiu)開發(fa)這(zhe)(zhe)種設備。“如(ru)果智(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)能(neng)電(dian)表是智(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)能(neng)電(dian)網(wang)的(de)(de)大腦，”他(ta)說，“固(gu)態變壓器設備就(jiu)是肌肉。”這(zhe)(zhe)些設備將有助于改(gai)變電(dian)網(wang)，原來的(de)(de)系統中(zhong)功(gong)率流是單(dan)向(xiang)的(de)(de)，就(jiu)是從(cong)電(dian)站到消費者，轉變后的(de)(de)系統中(zhong)業主(zhu)和企(qi)(qi)業也(ye)普(pu)遍發(fa)電(dian)。
今天的變(bian)壓(ya)器(qi)是單一(yi)(yi)功能的設(she)備。它(ta)(ta)們(men)改變(bian)電(dian)壓(ya)，從(cong)一(yi)(yi)種(zhong)水(shui)平變(bian)為另(ling)一(yi)(yi)種(zhong)，比如從(cong)高(gao)電(dian)壓(ya)變(bian)為低(di)電(dian)壓(ya)，高(gao)電(dian)壓(ya)就是家(jia)用(yong)的120伏或240伏配(pei)電(dian)水(shui)平。新(xin)的固態變(bian)壓(ya)器(qi)靈(ling)活得多。他(ta)們(men)使用(yong)晶體(ti)(ti)管和(he)二極管以及(ji)其他(ta)基于半導體(ti)(ti)的裝置(zhi)，不像電(dian)腦芯片所使用(yong)的晶體(ti)(ti)管，這些晶體(ti)(ti)管根據設(she)計可(ke)以處理高(gao)功率(lv)水(shui)平和(he)非常(chang)快速的切換。根據公用(yong)事業(ye)公司(si)或家(jia)庭的信號，它(ta)(ta)們(men)可(ke)以改變(bian)它(ta)(ta)們(men)所產電(dian)力的電(dian)壓(ya)和(he)其他(ta)特征(zheng)。它(ta)(ta)們(men)可(ke)以輸出交流(liu)電(dian)或直流(liu)電(dian)，或并入風力發電(dian)機(ji)和(he)太(tai)陽能電(dian)池板的交流(liu)電(dian)和(he)直流(liu)電(dian)，并改變(bian)頻率(lv)和(he)電(dian)壓(ya)，以適應電(dian)網(wang)需要。它(ta)(ta)們(men)有處理器(qi)和(he)內置(zhi)的通(tong)信硬件，能夠連通(tong)公用(yong)事業(ye)機(ji)構運(yun)營商，以及(ji)其他(ta)智(zhi)能變(bian)壓(ya)器(qi)和(he)消費者。
這(zhe)種(zhong)設備非常靈活(huo)，研究(jiu)(jiu)人(ren)員仍然在(zai)研究(jiu)(jiu)如何最好地(di)使用(yong)它(ta)。有幾種(zhong)可(ke)能(neng)性。今(jin)天，在(zai)家里(li)給電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動汽車充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)需要(yao)許多(duo)小(xiao)時，即(ji)使插(cha)入一個(ge)專用(yong)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)(qi)，配有220/240伏電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路，而(er)不是更(geng)(geng)常見的(de)(de)(de)110/120伏插(cha)座，也很慢(man)。直流充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)(qi)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)可(ke)以節省(sheng)時間，充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)充(chong)滿一個(ge)24千(qian)瓦小(xiao)時的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池，就像新的(de)(de)(de)日產Leaf中的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池，可(ke)以由8小(xiao)時降低到30分(fen)鐘，但它(ta)們效(xiao)率(lv)不高，會浪(lang)費約(yue)百分(fen)之(zhi)10至百分(fen)之(zhi)12的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力，就是充(chong)進(jin)去的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力。新的(de)(de)(de)變(bian)壓(ya)器(qi)(qi)可(ke)取代這(zhe)些專用(yong)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)(qi)，而(er)且它(ta)們更(geng)(geng)有效(xiao)率(lv)，只浪(lang)費大約(yue)百分(fen)之(zhi)四的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力，阿林(lin)達姆?梅(mei)特拉說(shuo)，他是電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力科學研究(jiu)(jiu)院(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)高級(ji)項(xiang)目經(jing)理，這(zhe)家研究(jiu)(jiu)院(yuan)正在(zai)開發(fa)智能(neng)變(bian)壓(ya)器(qi)(qi)。
更(geng)重要的(de)是，由(you)于這種變壓器有通(tong)信和處理能力，如果(guo)幾個(ge)鄰居接通(tong)自己的(de)汽車同(tong)時充電(dian)(dian)(dian)，變壓器可(ke)以防止電(dian)(dian)(dian)路過(guo)載，因為它(ta)可(ke)以放(fang)慢(man)或推遲充電(dian)(dian)(dian)，這要根據消費者的(de)喜(xi)好和公(gong)用事業機構的(de)價(jia)格信號。同(tong)樣的(de)設備也可(ke)以用來傳送(song)直(zhi)流電(dian)(dian)(dian)，就是從太陽能電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)板傳送(song)到電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)，這就就會摒棄(qi)一些(xie)設備，這些(xie)設備目前用于轉換太陽能電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)板的(de)功率，并(bing)消除(chu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓波(bo)動(dong)，這些(xie)波(bo)動(dong)不消除(chu)就可(ke)能導致電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)板斷(duan)開并(bing)停止產(chan)生電(dian)(dian)(dian)力。
電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力用戶(hu)比如(ru)大型倉儲(chu)式(shi)超(chao)市都開(kai)始安(an)裝更多(duo)(duo)的(de)(de)太陽能(neng)板和(he)儲(chu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)設備，所以(yi)智能(neng)變(bian)壓器就(jiu)(jiu)是關鍵，因為要整合的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力就(jiu)(jiu)來自這(zhe)些來源和(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網，梅特(te)拉說。存(cun)儲(chu)系統和(he)分布式(shi)能(neng)源可(ke)以(yi)讓商店決定何(he)(he)時從電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網取電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，何(he)(he)時向(xiang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網送電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，這(zhe)取決于(yu)某一特(te)定時刻的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價。智能(neng)變(bian)壓器可(ke)以(yi)協調這(zhe)種電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓上(shang)的(de)(de)迅速變(bian)化(hua)，就(jiu)(jiu)是從買電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)轉變(bian)為賣(mai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)變(bian)化(hua)，同時保(bao)持電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網穩定，防(fang)止鄰居(ju)的(de)(de)燈光變(bian)暗(an)。它(ta)們(men)甚至可(ke)以(yi)讓人們(men)從鄰居(ju)買電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，亞(ya)歷克斯?黃說。“如(ru)果你在夜間插上(shang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動車充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，你充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時就(jiu)(jiu)可(ke)以(yi)與一些鄰居(ju)協商，如(ru)果鄰居(ju)有(you)多(duo)(duo)余電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力的(de)(de)話(hua)，”他說。“你實(shi)際上(shang)可(ke)以(yi)支付鄰居(ju)。你不(bu)必支付公(gong)用事業機構(gou)。”

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